Efir
Kimyoda efer oksokislotadan olingan birikma boʻlib, unda kamida bitta gidroksil guruhi (−OH) yoki alkoksi guruhi bilan almashtiriladi (−O−), karbosiklik kislota va spirtni almashtirish reaksiyasida boʻlgani kabi, Glitseridlar-glitserinning yog' kislota eferlari bo'lib, ular biologiyada muhim ahamiyatga ega. lipidlarning asosiy sinfiga hayvonlarning yogʻlari va o'simlik moylarining asosiy qismi hisoblanadi.
Eferlar odatda yoqimli hidga ega, past molekulyar ogʻirlikdagilari odatda xushboʻy moddalar sifatida ishlatiladi va efir moylari feromonlarda mavjud. Ular keng koʻlamli plastmassalar, plastifikatorlar, qatronlar va laklar uchun yuqori sifatli erituvchilar sifatida ishlaydi. Tijorat bozorida sintetik moylash materiallarining eng katta sinflaridan biri hisoblanadi. Polyesterlar muhim plastik boʻlib, monomerlarni efer qismlari bilan bogʻlangan. Fosfoeferlar DNK molekulalarining asosini tashkil qiladi. Nitrogliserin kabi nitrat eferlari portlovchi xususiyatlari bilan mashhur.
Nomenklaturasi
Etimologiya
Efer soʻzini 1848-yilda nemis kimyogari Leopold Gmelin, nemis Essigäther qisqarishi sifatida „sirka efirini“ ishlab chiqqan.
IUPAC nomenklaturasi
Eferlarning nomlari spirt va asosiy kislotadan olingan boʻlib, ikkinchisi organik yoki noorganik boʻlishi mumkin. Eng oddiy karboksilik kislotalardan olingan efirlar odatda anʼanaviy, „ arzimas nomlar“ boʻyicha nomlanadi. Masalan format, atsetat, propionat va butirat, IUPAC nomenklaturasi metanoat, etanoat, propanoat va butanoatdan farqli oʻlaroq. Boshqa tomondan, murakkabroq karboksilik kislotalardan olingan esterlar, aksincha, kislota nomidan keyin qoʻshilgan IUPAC nomidan foydalangan holda koʻproq nomlanadi. Masalan, heksil kaprilat nomi bilan ham tanilgan efer oktanoat formulasi quyidagicha CH3(CH2)6CO2(CH2)5CH3.
Organik eferlarning kimyoviy formulasi odatda RCO2R’ shaklni oladi, bu yerda R va R' mos ravishda karbosilik kislota va spirtning uglevodorod qismlari. Masalan, butanol va sirka kislotasidan (sistematik ravishda etanoik kislota) olingan butil asetat (tizimli butil etanoat) CH3CO2C4H9. Muqobil taqdimotlarda keng tarqalgani CH3COOC4H9.
Siklik efirlar organik yoki noorganik kislotadan olinganligidan qatʼi nazar, laktonlar deb ataladi. Organik laktonga misollardan biri γ-valerolaktondir.
Ortoeferlari
Organik efirlarning kam uchraydigan sinfi ortoesterlardir, quyidagichaRC(OR′)3 formulaga ega. Trietilortoformat (HC(OC2H5)3) nomi boʻyicha (lekin sintezi emas) ortoform kislota (HC(OH)3) va etanol.
Noorganik efirlar
Eferlarni noorganik kislotalardan ham olish mumkin.
Tautomerlar sifatida mavjud boʻlgan noorganik kislota turli xil efirlarni hosil qiladi.
Noorganik kislotalar barqaror boʻlmagan yoki qiyin efirlarni hosil qiladi.
Asosan yuzlab maʼlum boʻlgan barcha metall va metalloid alkoksidlarni, gipotetik kislotalarning efirlari deb tasniflash mumkin.
Tuzilishi va bogʻlanishi
Eferlar karbonil markazini oʻz ichiga oladi, bu 120° C–C–O va O–C–O burchaklarini hosil qiladi. Amidlardan farqli oʻlaroq, efirlar strukturaviy moslashuvchan funktsional guruhlardir, chunki C–O–C aloqalari atrofida aylanishi past toʻsiqga ega. Ularning moslashuvchanligi va past polaritesi ularning jismoniy xususiyatlarida namoyon boʻladi. Ular mos keladigan amidlarga qaraganda kamroq qattiq (pastki erish nuqtasi) va koʻproq uchuvchan (pastki qaynash nuqtasi) boʻlishga moyil. Efirlardagi alfa-vodorodlarning pKa 25 ga teng.
Koʻpgina efirlar konformatsion izomeriya uchun potentsialga ega, ammo ular giperkontugatsiya va dipolni minimallashtirish effektlari kombinatsiyasi tufayli s-trans (yoki E) muqobilidan koʻra s-cis (yoki Z) konformatsiyasini qabul qilishga moyildirlar. Z konformatsiyasini afzal koʻrishga, agar mavjud boʻlsa, oʻrinbosar va erituvchining tabiati taʼsir qiladi. Kichik halqali laktonlar s-trans siklik tuzilishi tufayli konformatsiyalanadi.
Fizik xususiyatlari va xarakteristikasi
Eferlar qutbli, ammo spirtlarga qaraganda kamroq qutblidir. Ular vodorod bog'lanishlarida vodorod bog'larini qabul qiluvchi sifatida ishtirok etadilar, lekin spirtlardan farqli oʻlaroq, vodorod bogʻlari donorlari sifatida harakat qila olmaydilar. Vodorod bogʻlanishida ishtirok etish qobiliyati suvda bir oz eruvchanlikni beradi. Vodorod bogʻlarini berish qobiliyati yoʻqligi sababli, efirlar oʻz-oʻzidan birlashmaydi. Shunday qilib, eferlarga oʻxshash molekulyar ogʻirlikdagi karbosilik kislotalarga qaraganda ancha uchuvchan.
Xarakterlash va tahlil qilish
Eferlar odatda gaz xromatografiyasi yordamida ularning uchuvchanligidan foydalangan holda aniqlanadi. Eferlar uchun IQ spektrlari 1730–1750 sm oraligʻida kuchli oʻtkir chiziqqa va v ga tayinlangan. Bu choʻqqi karbonilga biriktirilgan funksional guruhlarga qarab oʻzgaradi. Misol uchun, benzol halqasi yoki karbonil bilan konjugatsiyadagi qoʻsh bogʻlanish toʻlqin sonini taxminan 30 sm ga tushiradi.
Ilovalar va hodisalari
Eferlar tabiatda keng tarqalgan va sanoatda keng qoʻllaniladi. Tabiatda yog'lar, glitserin va yog' kislotalaridan olingan eferlar trieferlardir. Eferlar olma, nok, banan, ananas va qulupnay kabi mevalarning xushboʻy hidlariga ega. Har yili sanoatda bir necha milliard kilogramm poliefer ishlab chiqariladi, muhim mahsulotlari sifatida polietilen tereftalat, akrilat efir va sellyuloza asetatlar kiradi.
Triglitseridning vakili zigʻir yogʻida, linoleik kislotadan (pastki oʻngda), <span id="mw7A" style="color:red;"><b id="mw7Q">alfa-linolenik kislotadan</b></span> (chapda) va oleyk kislotadan (oʻng tomonda) olingan triester (triglitserid) mavjud.
Tayyorgarlik
Eferifikatsiya kimyoviy reaksiyaning umumiy nomi boʻlib, unda ikkita reaktiv (odatda spirt va kislota) reaksiya mahsuloti sifatida efir hosil qiladi. Eferlar organik kimyo va biologik materiallarda keng tarqalgan boʻlib, koʻpincha yoqimli xarakterli meva hidiga ega. Bu ularning xushbo'y hid va lazzat sanoatida keng qoʻllanilishiga olib keladi. Efer aloqalari koʻplab polimerlarda ham mavjud.
Karbosilik kislotalarning spirtlar bilan eferlanishi
Klassik sintez Fisher eferifikatsiyasi boʻlib, u karbosiklik kislotani alkogol bilan suvsizlantiruvchi vosita ishtirokida davolashni oʻz ichiga oladi.
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"><mover><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mpadded depth="0" height="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo stretchy="false">Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></mrow></mpadded></mrow></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></mrow></mrow></mstyle></mrow></mover></mrow><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo></msup><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
</mtext></mrow></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> </annotation></semantics></math>Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH <=> RCO2R' + H2O}}
Bunday reaksiyalar uchun muvozanat konstantasi, masalan, etil asetat uchun taxminan 5 ga teng. Katalizator boʻlmaganda reaksiya sekin boradi. Sulfat kislota bu reaksiyaning tipik katalizatoridir. Polimer sulfonik kislotalar kabi koʻplab boshqa kislotalar ham qoʻllaniladi. Eferifikatsiyaning qaytarilishi yuqori boʻlganligi sababli, eferning rentabelligini Le Chatelier prinsipi yordamida yaxshilash mumkin.
Spirtli ichimliklar va karbosiklik kislotalar aralashmalarining suvsizlanishiga olib keladigan reaktivlar sifatida maʼlum. Steglich eferifikatsiyasi, bu yumshoq sharoitda eferlarni hosil qilish usulidir. Bu usul peptid sintezida mashhur boʻlib, substratlar yuqori issiqlik kabi ogʻir sharoitlarga ega. DCC (disikloheksilkarbodiimid) karbosiklik kislotani keyingi reaksiyaga faollashtirish uchun ishlatiladi. 4-Dimetilaminopiridin (DMAP) asil-transfer katalizatori sifatida ishlatiladi.
Spirtli ichimliklar va karbosiklik kislotalar aralashmalarini suvsizlantirishning yana bir usuli Mitsunobu reaksiyasi.
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo></msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><msubsup><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo></msup><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><msubsup><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo></mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math>Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCO2H + R’OH + P(C6H5)3 + R2N2 -> RCO2R' + OP(C6H5)3 + R2N2H2}}
Karbosiklik kislotalarni diazometan yordamida eferlash mumkin.
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mo>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mstyle></mrow></semantics></math>
RCO
2
H
+
CH
2
N
2
⟶
RCO
2
CH
3
+
N
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + CH2N2 -> RCO2CH3 + N2}}}
Ushbu diazometandan foydalanib, karboksilik kislotalarning aralashmalarini gaz xromatografiyasi orqali tahlil qilish uchun, miqdoriy rentabelliklarda ularning metil efirlariga aylantirilish mumkin. Ixtisoslashtirilgan organik sintetik operatsiyalarda foydalidir, ammo keng koʻlamli ilovalar uchun juda xavfli va qimmat hisoblanadi.
Karboksilik kislotalarning epoksidlar bilan eferifikatsiyasi
Karboksilik kislotalar epoksidlar bilan ishlov berish orqali eferlanadi va β-gidroksiefirlarni beradi.
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mo>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mo stretchy="false">
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo stretchy="false">
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mo><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext><mo stretchy="false">
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mo></mrow><mtext>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
</mtext></mrow></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> </annotation></semantics></math>
RCO
2
H
+
RCHCH
2
O
⟶
RCO
2
CH
2
CH
(
OH
)
R
{\displaystyle {\ce {RCO2H + RCHCH2O -> RCO2CH2CH(OH)R}}}
Ushbu reaksiyada akril kislotadan, vinil efer qatronlar ishlab chiqarishda qoʻllaniladi.
Asilxloridlar va kislotali angidridlarning alkogollizi
Spirtli ichimliklar asilxloridlar va kislota angidridlari bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, efirlarni hosil qiladi.
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mo><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mo></msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext><mo stretchy="false"> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mo><msubsup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mn></mrow></msubsup><msup><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext><mo> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mo></msup><mo> Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/uz.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mo><mtext> Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
</mtext></mrow></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> </annotation></semantics></math>Failed to parse (sintaktik xato): {\displaystyle \ce{RCOCl + R’OH -> RCO2R' + HCl}}
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semant
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